Recently, MAGNETIC microrobots have attracted much attention in biomedical applications due to their minimally invasive features. One of the challenges in this field is about in-vivo autonomous control of microrobots to reach a predefined target. In concern to the submillimeter size of the microrobots, their position and orientation are controlled by an external MAGNETIC field which is generated by permanent magnets or electromagnets. One of the advantages of using electromagnets to produce an external MAGNETIC field is the ability to control the magnitude and orientation of the MAGNETIC field by manipulating the electrical current of each electromagnet. In this study, by using Maxwell’s equations and considering the microrobot as a point DIPOLE, the exerted force and torque relations are driven as a function of electromagnets’ electrical current. Moreover, a navigation algorithm is proposed to guide the robot through unknown obstacles without planning the whole path. Furthermore, the driven equations and designed algorithms are validated by simulating the microrobot’s motion using MATLAB software, which confirms the effectiveness of using three electromagnets to control an electromagnet microrobot’s planer motion.

One of the most important parameters required for tectonic interpretation of the earth’s crust activities is the knowledge of temperature within the earth. However, this parameter is rarely well studied. Having estimated curie depth (forming the base of MAGNETIC crust), a boundary condition of temperature is obtained for continental crust. This paper applies equivalent source MAGNETIC DIPOLE method to calculate curie depth based on satellite MAGNETIC models. In fact, a new and different method of applying geomagnetism to estimate curie depth is discussed. In this paper, the new MAGNETIC field model MF5 is used to calculate curie depth of an area located within 28-36o N and 56-64o E. First, crustal induced field is calculated using MAGNETIC field model MF5. Then, an initial VIS model is prepared and its calculated field, at the satellite altitude, is compared with the observed model. The results show that the curie depth in the study area is shallower than the moho and lies within the earth’s crust. All the programming of this research was done in MATLAB R2008a.

Nano MAGNETIC Logic (NML) has been attracting application in optical computing, nanodevice formation, and low power. In this paper nanoscale architecture such as the decoder, multiplexer, and comparator are implemented on perpendicular-nano MAGNETIC logic (pNML) technology. All these architectures with the superiority of minimum complexity and minimum delay are pointed. The proposed architectures have been designed using pNML in MagCAD tool, simulated with modelsim platform and correctness shown by simulation waveform. The correctness of these designs can be verified easily when Verilog code is generated from MagCAD tool. The performance of the proposed comparator towards default parameters shows the area of 2.4336 mm2 and critical path of 1.5E-7 sec. As a higher order, the realization of a 4-to-1 multiplexer in NML has also been included in this work.

This paper introduces a new and compact structure of a directional antenna consisting of an electric DIPOLE and a truncated connection element. This antenna is fed by a Γ,shaped power line. Wide impedance bandwidth in the frequency range of 1. 3 GHz to 3 GHz will be observed in the output performance of this antenna. Base radiation patterns with high main loop and low side and back loop level are other features of the introduced antenna. The antenna design process is step-by-step and parametric based on the important parameters of antenna geometry. The main feature of the antenna is the realization of circular polarization at a high percentage of implicational bandwidth. The radiation patterns of orthogonal plates E & H along with left and right circular polarization patterns for the desired antenna have been extracted and analyzed. As predicted, there are many similarities between the E and H plane pattern, which indicates the accuracy of the design process. Is. The maximum total gain of the antenna in the designed frequency band is about 10 dBi.

In this article, a solution for reducing the height of magneto-electric DIPOLE antennas is presented by using an artificial MAGNETIC conductor structure as the antenna's ground plane. In this research, two types of antennas were investigated: The first antenna is linearly polarized and the second antenna is right-handed circularly polarized. In the linearly polarized antenna, a 7 x 7 array of artificial MAGNETIC conductor cells (AMCs) was designed at 3.5 GHz and placed on the antenna's ground plane. By adding artificial MAGNETIC conductor, the height of the first antenna was reduced to 0.16 λ. The simulation results show that the impedance bandwidth for values of |S11|<[-10dB] is equal to 1.9 GHz from the frequency of 2.3 GHz to 4.2 GHz (58.46%), while the measured impedance bandwidth of fabricated prototype is equal to 2.13 GHz from the frequency of 2.21 GHz to 4.34 GHz (65.03%).The second antenna is a right-handed circularly polarized magneto-electric DIPOLE antenna which is fed by a Y-shaped feed line. By using a 5 x 5 array of AMC on the ground plane of the antenna, its height was reduced to 0.13 λ. The impedance bandwidth resulting from the simulation for values |S11|<[-10dB] is equal to 1.24 GHz from the frequency 2.46 GHz to the frequency of 3.7 GHz (40.25%), while the bandwidth resulting from the measurement of the fabricated prototype is equal to 1.3 GHz from the frequency of 2.38 GHz up to the frequency of 3.68 GHz (44.52%). 

DIPOLE asymmetry is among the most important anomalies in the cosmic microwave background (CMB). A DIPOLE, if primordial, would challenge the isotropy of the Universe. In this work, we propose a novel method to find the direction of the DIPOLE and its amplitude and assess its significance. The method is based on the comparison of annular variances on the sphere. We find the direction on the sphere around which the difference of the annular variances on the two hemispheres is maximized. By applying this algorithm on symmetric CMB simulations we get the distribution of the measured DIPOLE amplitude for these null cases, providing us with the baseline for quantifying the significance of DIPOLE amplitude of any other CMB maps. In particular, we find the statistical significance of the observed Planck DIPOLE to be 1. 6σ . Our simulations show that although the proposed method is not more powerful in detecting the DIPOLE compared to other algorithms, its relatively low computational cost (performed in the pixel-space) is its advantage. This paves the way for a straightforward upgrade of the method which uses spherical caps instead of rings and thus, by increasing the number of pixels used in calculating the variance, improves the results significantly.

Background and Aims: Disc displacement is the most common temporomandibular joint disorder and MAGNETIC resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard in its diagnosis. This disorder can lead to changes in signal intensity of MAGNETIC resonance (MR). The purpose of this study was evaluation of correlation between relative signal intensity of MR images of retrodiscal tissue, superior and inferior head of lateral ptrygoid muscle with type of anterior disk displacement and condylar head flattening in patients with temporomandibular disorder (TMD).Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, 31 MR images of patients who had anterior disc displacement were evaluated. After relative signal intensity measurement for retrodiscal tissue, superior and inferior head of lateral ptrygoid muscle, the correlation between relative signal intensity and type of anterior disc displacement was evaluated with repeated measure ANOVA test. In each of these 3 areas, t-test was used to compare the groups with and without condylar head flattening.Results: The correlation between relative signal intensity of MR images and type of anterior disc displacement in retrodiscal tissue, superior and inferior head of lateral ptrygoid muscle was not significant. There was also no statistically significant correlation between relative signal intensity of MR images and flattening of condylar head in retrodiscal tissue, superior and inferior head of lateral ptrygoid muscle (P>0.05).Conclusion: According to findings of this study, relative signal intensity of MR images in retrodiscal tissue, superior and inferior head of ptrygoid muscle is not a good predictor for type of anterior disc displacement and flattening of condylar head. It seems that this cannot be used as a diagnostic marker for TMD progression.

This paper presents the CAS wavelet based numerical technique for the solution of non-linear system of differential equations arising in the analysis of an unsteady dusty tangent hyperbolic fluid flow over a stretching sheet through porous medium with MAGNETIC DIPOLE effect, quadratic convection, non-linear radiation, convective boundary and entropy generation. Initially, the proposed method is implemented on the test problem having the exact solution. The results obtained are very close to the exact solution in comparison with the Runge-Kutta Fehlberg 4th – 5th order method. The considered dusty fluid problem is solved by using the proposed technique. The solutions obtained for certain fixed parameters are compared and found to be coinciding with the solutions given in the literature. The comparisons and convergence analysis validate the method. The flow behaviour of dusty tangent hyperbolic fluid is analysed and the impact of various factors on the velocity and thermal profile of the fluid are studied. It is inferred that the Weissenberg number, power law index and Ferro-hydrodynamic interaction parameter declines the velocity and improves the temperature. Opposite behaviour is observed for mixed convection and quadratic convection parameters. The temperature increases for the Biot number. The Weissenberg number declines the entropy generation and enhances the Bejan number. A reverse trend is noticed for Brinkman number. CAS wavelet based numerical technique is simple, reliable, highly accurate, efficient and effective tool to solve the non-linear system of differential equations arising in dusty fluid flow problems.

In this paper, a novel ultra-wideband DIPOLE antenna with a simple structure and low cost is presented. The impedance bandwidth (S11≤ 10 dB) of the proposed antenna is (1. 2_4. 55GHz) 116%. The whole of S-band frequency (2_4GHz) is covered completely and a part of L, C frequency bands are enveloped. The minimum and maximum gains in operation bandwidth are 2. 48dBi and 7. 48dBi respectively. The 50-ohm coaxial cable is utilized for feeding the antenna. To eliminate the backflow of the antenna and impedance matching with the coaxial transmission line, a Bazooka balun is adopted. Analysis of the current distribution and electric and MAGNETIC fields on the DIPOLE element have been conducted. A prototype of the antenna is fabricated and return loss, gain and radiation pattern are simulated and measured. The simulation and measurement parameters are suitable agreement.